Technische Universität München
Making perovskite solar cells weather-resistant
TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH
NEWS RELEASE
TUM researchers uncover how solar cells age and develop solution
Making perovskite solar cells weather-resistant
- Promising technology for more affordable solar power
- Temperature fluctuations as the main challenge for perovskite solar cells
- Material identified for molecular stabilizer
Perovskite solar cells are widely seen as the next big leap in photovoltaics. These devices use a special class of crystalline materials that convert sunlight into electricity with exceptional efficiency. However, their sensitivity to temperature swings has slowed their path to our rooftops . Researchers at the Technical University of Munich (TUM) and the Cluster of Excellence e-conversion have now identified why these promising materials lose their performance – and how they can be stabilized.
Perovskite solar cells are among the most promising technologies for making solar power cheaper and more efficient. Working with partners from the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), DESY (Deutsches Elektronen-Synchroton), and the KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, the team uncovered the microscopic mechanisms behind the deterioration of the material through temperature swings and developed a strategy to prevent it. Their approach focuses on stabilizing the fragile crystal structure with specially designed molecular “anchors”.
Beyond the Lab: Survival in the Real World
To achieve the climate goals of tomorrow, solar cells must endure for decades. While perovskites have reached record-breaking efficiencies in converting solar light into electricity, they face a brutal enemy in nature: extreme temperature changes. Experts refer to this as thermal cycling. In a single day, a solar panel can fluctuate from freezing nights to scorching heat. These real-world conditions, repeated heating and cooling, can trigger an early degradation phase in which perovskite solar cells may lose their relative performance.
"If we want these cells on every roof, we have to ensure they don't just perform in the lab, but endure the stress of the seasons," says Prof. Peter Müller-Buschbaum, Chair of Functional Materials at TUM School of Natural Sciences and member of the e-conversion Cluster of Excellence. His research team works on this challenge and has identified the microscopic causes of this instability. They developed new design strategies to make the top layer of tandem solar cells more robust, enabling them to withstand real-world conditions. Tandem solar cells are made up of stacked solar cells (two in minimum) and therefore make better use of sunlight.
The "Burn-In" Phase Decoded
In a study published in Nature Communications, lead author Dr. Kun Sun from the TUM Chair of Functional Materials and the team investigated so-called High-Efficiency Wide-Bandgap cells – the upper cells in a tandem solar cell. Using high-resolution X-ray measurements at DESY, the team watched the material "breathe" in real-time during rapid temperature changes; the lattice periodically expanded and contracted in response to rapid temperature fluctuations.
The discovery was striking: degradation happens in a massive initial "burn-in" phase, where cells can lose up to 60% of their relative performance. "We revealed that a microscopic tug-of-war triggers this loss," explains Dr. Kun Sun. “Tensions arise inside the material and its structure changes – this costs power.” This finding gives engineers a clear target: if we can eliminate the burn-in, we can unlock long-term stability.
Designing the "Perfect Anchor"
How do we stop the material from falling apart? In a second paper published in ACS Energy Letters, the researchers reported how to stabilize the sensitive crystal material. They used special organic molecules that act as spacers, holding the structure together – like a molecular scaffold.
By comparing different spacers, the researchers found a winner: while common spacers led to structural breakdown, the bulkier organic molecule PDMA acted as a superior anchor. The result is a significantly more robust solar cell that remains stable even under the mechanical stress of rapid heating and cooling.
"The future of photovoltaics is tandem," says Prof. Peter Müller-Buschbaum. "By understanding these microscopic mechanics, we are paving the way for a new generation of solar modules that are both highly efficient and durable enough for decades of outdoor use."
Publications:
- Kun Sun, Renjun Guo et al.: “Insights into the operational stability of wide-bandgap perovskite and tandem solar cells under rapid thermal cycling”, published in: Nature Communications, 14 January 2026, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-68219-w
- Kun Sun, et al.: “Halide Segregation in Wide-Bandgap Quasi-2D Perovskites under Rapid Thermal Cycling”, published in: ACS Energy Lett. 2026, 11, 3, 2952–2958, 24 February 2026, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.6c00094
Additional material for media outlets:
Photo for download: https://go.tum.de/581224
Subject matter expert:
Dr. Kun Sun
Technical University of Munich (TUM)
TUM School of Natural Sciences
Cluster of Excellence e-conversion
TUM Corporate Communications Center contact:
Dr. Caroline Zörlein
Public Outreach Manager
Cluster of Excellence e-conversion
+49 89 289 52779
The Technical University of Munich (TUM) is one of the world’s leading universities in terms of research, teaching and innovation, with around 700 professorships, 52,000 students and 12,000 staff. TUM’s range of subjects includes computer sciences, engineering, natural and life sciences, medicine, economics and social sciences. As an entrepreneurial university, TUM envisages itself as a global hub of knowledge exchange, open to society. Every year, around 100 start-ups are founded at TUM, which acts as a key player in Munich’s high-tech ecosystem. The university is represented around the world by its TUM Asia campus in Singapore along with offices in Beijing, Brussels, Mumbai, San Francisco, São Paulo and Shenzhen. Nobel Prize laureates and inventors such as Rudolf Diesel, Carl von Linde and Rudolf Mößbauer have conducted research at TUM, which was awarded the title of University of Excellence in 2006, 2012, 2019 and 2026. International rankings regularly cite TUM as the best university in the European Union.