Technische Universität München
Green hydrogen from Africa much more costly than previously assumed
TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH
NEWS RELEASE
New calculations show: imports without guarantees are not competitive
Green hydrogen from Africa much more costly than previously assumed
• Existing models often based on uniform financing costs
• New calculation method takes socio-political risks into account
• In the current interest rate environment, African locations could be competitive only with purchase and price guarantees
To meet Europe’s demand for green hydrogen, governments and the private sector have high hopes for production in Africa. A study led by the Technical University of Munich (TUM) has now shown that the financing costs for production facilities in African countries would be much higher than previously assumed. Only 2 percent of around 10,000 investigated locations would be competitive for exports to Europe. This would require price and offtake guarantees from European governments.
Green hydrogen is considered an important component for climate-friendly industrial production, for example in the steel industry. Hydrogen is regarded as ‘green’ when the electrolysis used to produce it is powered by renewable energy sources. Because Europe is unlikely to be capable of meeting its own needs, the focus has increasingly shifted to Africa in recent years. Governments and the private sector have high hopes that production sites for export could be developed in African coastal countries with favorable conditions for solar and wind power. The first projects are currently being planned, although most plants are still in the concept development stages.
When analyzing these projects, researchers at TUM, the University of Oxford and ETH Zurich observed that the cost estimates were highly imprecise in many cases. “Most of the conventional models for green hydrogen plants typically use uniform financing costs. However, the investment environment is different in every country and is subject to especially high risks in many African countries,” says Florian Egli, who holds the Professorship for Public Policy for the Green Transition at TUM.
Consequently, the research team developed a new method for calculating the financing costs of green hydrogen production facilities, in other words the costs to the plant operators for raising capital for their investments. This takes into account the specific conditions for hydrogen production in 31 African countries such as transportation and storage options and the degree of legal certainty and political stability. The model assumes that the production plants will be operational by 2030 and that the hydrogen will be converted into ammonia and shipped to Rotterdam.
Price of around €3/kg only with guarantees
The study examines four scenarios in which general interest rates are either high or low and in which either the plant operators assume all investment risks or policymakers issue price and offtake guarantees for the green hydrogen. The research team’s calculations show that, in the current interest rate environment, the operators would have to pay around 8% interest on their financing at best, but possibly as much as 27%, depending on the scenario and country. Most existing models had assumed a range of 4–8%, however.
On that basis, the research team calculated the overall production costs in Africa and the price of green hydrogen exported to Europe. If the operators had to bear the investment risks alone at an interest rate corresponding to the current situation, the lowest possible price of hydrogen on the continent would be just under €5/kg. In the case of guarantees by European governments and lower interest rates, the lowest possible price would decrease to a good €3/kg. Even under these highly favorable conditions, African countries would face tough competition from other regions. For example, in a European Hydrogen Bank auction of subsidies for green hydrogen projects in Europe in 2024, the lowest price of a successful bid was below €3/kg.
“Producing green hydrogen in Africa for export to Europe is much more expensive than previously believed,” says Stephanie Hirmer, a professor of climate compatible growth at the University of Oxford. “The past price calculations have not adequately reflected the socio-political risks.”
Around 200 locations with potential for competitive production
The research team applied its model to more than 10,000 locations. Assuming that price and offtake guarantees are provided, only around 200 locations would come close to a price of €3/kg at today’s high interest rates and would therefore have the potential of achieving economic competitiveness by 2030. These locations are in Algeria, Kenya, Mauritania, Morocco, Namibia and Sudan. However, the study was only able to incorporate security risks at the national level. Because many otherwise optimal sites are located in insecure regions, the number of potentially competitive sites could be further decreased.
“African production locations can be competitive for exports to Europe only if the European countries guarantee that they will purchase certain quantities of hydrogen at fixed prices,” says Florian Egli. “Loan default guarantees such as those provided by the World Bank would also help. Only with policy instruments of this kind will it be possible to establish trade in green hydrogen from Africa to Europe, which might result in lower costs over time.”
Regardless of the cost issue, the researchers see stable agreements as a prerequisite for an industrial and development policy of African states geared to long-term success. “It’s also about fairness,” says Stephanie Hirmer. “If the current hype is not backed up by meaningful political measures, we risk seeing projects developed that are neither cost-effective nor create added value for local populations.”
Publications:
Egli, F., Schneider, F., Leonard, A., Halloran, C., Salmon, N., Schmidt, T. & Hirmer, S., Mapping the cost competitiveness of African green hydrogen imports to Europe. Nat. Energy (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41560-025-01768-y
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-025-01768-y
Method of the model:
Halloran, C., Leonard, A., Salmon, N., Müller, L. & Hirmer, S. (2024). GeoH2 model: Geospatial cost optimization of green hydrogen production including storage and transportation. MethodsX, Volume 12, 102660.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2024.102660
The cost calculation model is available under an open-source CC-BY-4.0 license at
https://github.com/ClimateCompatibleGrowth/GeoH2
https://github.com/ClimateCompatibleGrowth/GeoNH3
Further information:
Prof. Florian Egli heads the new Transformation Finance Lab at the TUM Think Tank. The TUM Think Tank brings together researchers, civil society actors, policy makers and entrepreneurs to develop proposed solutions and instruments to address urgent problems.
The study was supported by the Climate Compatible Growth (CCG) program, which is funded by UK Aid and the British government.
Subject matter expert:
Prof. Dr. Florian Egli
Technical University of Munich (TUM)
Professorship of Public Policy for the Green Transition
Tel.: +49 151 28808292
florian.egli@tum.de
https://www.gov.sot.tum.de/ppgt
TUM Corporate Communications Center contact:
Klaus Becker
Media relations
Tel.: +49 89 289 22798
klaus.becker@tum.de
The Technical University of Munich (TUM) is one of the world’s leading universities in terms of research, teaching and innovation, with around 700 professorships, 53,000 students and 12,000 staff. TUM’s range of subjects includes engineering, natural and life sciences, medicine, computer sciences, mathematics, economics and social sciences. As an entrepreneurial university, TUM envisages itself as a global hub of knowledge exchange, open to society. Every year, more than 70 start-ups are founded at TUM, which acts as a key player in Munich’s high-tech ecosystem. The university is represented around the world by its TUM Asia campus in Singapore along with offices in Beijing, Brussels, Mumbai, San Francisco and São Paulo. Nobel Prize laureates and inventors such as Rudolf Diesel, Carl von Linde and Rudolf Mößbauer have conducted research at TUM, which was awarded the title of University of Excellence in 2006, 2012 and 2019. International rankings regularly cite TUM as the best university in the European Union.